Real numbers for smart phones

I read a lot about mobile platforms, and there seems to be a constant battle for bragging rights between the iOS and Android platforms.   There's a lot of talk about how activation rates for Android phones are so much higher than for iOS, and therefore that iOS devices have a relatively smaller market share.

The follow on argument from the Apple boosters is that, well, Apple is smaller but they have all the profits.

But is Apple really the smaller vendor?  I was browsing through a report from the Pew Research center (see the report here), and it said that of smart phone users surveyed:

• 20% of cell owners now describe their phone as an Android device, up from 15% in May 2011
• 19% of cell owners now describe their phone as an iPhone, up from 10% in May 2011
• 6% of cell owners now describe the phone as a Blackberry, down from 10% in May 2011

Statistically, then, Android and iOS are tied. (Note that 45% of all cell phone owners say they own a smartphone, so there's nobody missing from those percentages).

What's even more interesting is that Android users are up 5% in about a year, but iPhone users are up 9%.  That seems terribly at odds with the conventional wisdom about adoption (like at business insider).

I have a couple of thoughts on the subject:

• iOS has a good head start
• Apple has a stronger support for keeping 1 and 2 generation old devices up to date with software.  If you have a 3GS, you are still able to get iOS 5.  Android, on the other hand, tends to orphan devices fairly quickly.  So people may stay on an iOS device longer than people on Android devices, resulting in a longer in-service life for iPhones.
• Similarly, the fact that a few years old iPhone is still able to run current software means that it has value in the used market.  An old and out of date Android device is not going to look attractive compared to getting a new one from the carrier.
• How many people get an Android and switch to iPhone later?

Because of these, I suspect there's a lot of retired yet fairly modern Android phones out there.  And that's why a random survey of what people actually use shows the iPhone still holding even with Android.

Recovering from a hacked wordpress website

It was a dark and stormy night ...

The infection bootstrap file

It was late last night, and I wanted to make a slight change to one of my websites before heading to bed.  But when I brought up the home page of my site, I was startled when the normal front page was replaced by a glaring red Google warning that my site was serving up malware!

So much for going to bed anytime soon.  I've had this happen to me before, years ago: a long stagnant and nearly forgotten web site of mine used a third party plug-in which got hacked and pushed me onto the Google blacklist.  That was no fun to undo, and I wanted to clean up the current mess quickly enough to avoid being branded a malware site.

As a bit of background, the website in question runs on Dreamhost.com's hosting service and is built with Wordpress.  I've been a Dreamhost customer for about 10 years now and, while they've probably had more than their fair share of problems in the past, the combination of features, flexibility and price have kept me a reasonably loyal customer.

I SSH'd into my account to look around.  I discovered that the hack, as far as hacks go, was pretty simple.  Just about every PHP file (as far as I know, every single PHP file) on my account had one line of script added to it.  This script redirected people's browsers to a malware site.  That was interesting, because it meant that somebody was able to sweep through every file I owned and rewrite it.  It wasn't a site-specific attack -- all the sites I hosted, even a bunch of dead ones, were affected.  Somebody was able to either (a) run code on my account (which seemed most likely case -- that's how I'd do it), perhaps by having the viral payload in each PHP file try to infect other files on my account or, (b) had some FTP based program that kept running through and fetching files to infect them (seems unlikely and harder to implement).

As an aside, can I just say how much I hate PHP?  It's too-stupid to see a variable without a superfluous dollar sign.  It has a bastardized object model.  And it's got a security model that says as long as the file ends in .php  it gets run as code.  Code signing? Meta files to separate executable content from data? Nope.  If you can figure out how to upload a rogue .php file to a web site, you can run it with full permissions on the server.  That's just a constant invitation to disaster.  Like the one that happened to me.

Anyway, there I was, staring at a massive corrupting of all my web sites that used PHP.  The only thing that appeared to save me is the infection was additive rather than replacing code -- it just stuck a line of code at the beginning of each PHP file:

What got put in front of every PHP file

Still, I had two big tasks ahead: (1) stop any future damage and (2) remove all the current damage.  Mind you, it was not phrased like that in my mind.  It was more like "oh shit I got to fix this fast and figure out how to stop it from happening again." Neither turned out to be real fast, unfortunately.

Let me start with the second task, undoing the damage.  The damage consists of prepending the PHP files with an encoded script, most often in base-64 but sometimes just using hex escapes to obscure the evil logic.  I'm not sure why they bothered, though, other than to look cool. It sure did stand out when I looked: a more stealthy injection would be harder to find intermingled with all the other code in the PHP files.  But the consistent nature of the hack made it easy to spot.  So easy, in fact, somebody has written a fixit script to remove the changes.  So backing out the changes was no problem. (note that it removed the infection from my files, but did not find and remove the additional files placed in my web site.  Read below about those).

The first task was the real challenge and what took all the time.  I removed all the hacks to my files, but within a half hour they were all back again.  This meant that the infection process was still underway or had been retriggered. Not pleasant.

The term "fog of war" come to mind describing my state.  Somehow, I was able to uninflect files only to see them re-infected, but I had no idea how it was being done.  The following possibilities seemed to exist:

• Someone still able to log into my account
• Someone had super user access to the server
• Wordpress had some sort of flaw in it that allowed people to upload or modify PHP files
• Wordpress had some sort of flaw that allowed people to modify the database where they could insert code there (that would then infect the files)
• I missed some infected file that was being run and reinfected my sites
• Something else?? Some other hack that I had closed but leaked a user id or password to the server or database??

Immediately I took all my web sites off line -- I simply moved the contents of the websites into a separate directory and put a place holder index.html file into the root directory of each web site.  That bought me time.

I started by thinking it might be some sort of wordpress exploit.  I had turned on allowing people to register user ids in one of my blogs shortly before the mess had happened, so I guessed it might be some sort of SQL injection problem.  I proceeded to export my posts from wordpress, and then did a scorched earth reinstall.  I then re-uploaded my posts, rebuilt my customizations to the templates and put the web site back online.

And a half hour later, it had been hacked again.  Ok, that wasn't it.  Maybe an initial exploit opened the door for a subsequent one.  Or maybe it's that my hosting provider, Dreamhost, had been penetrated themselves and my assailant had root access. Or? It was still foggy.

To close the door on the first one, I went through a round of password resetting.  I changed the FTP/SSH password.  I changed the database password.  And then I cleaned the hacked PHP files and reopened the web site.

Again, before too long, the PHP files were getting hacked yet again.  This was frustrating.

I was starting to think that my hosting provider was hacked and there was nothing I could do. But I tried one more thing in desperation.  If I had my own server (say Amazon EC2), I would be able to exert a lot of control over the virtual machine -- reboot it, for example.  But with a shared hosting provider, I cannot.  But there's a small, almost hidden command in the control panel for Dreamhost websites, which terminates all existing FTP connections: what if someone had kept open an FTP connection? It seemed crazy, but I had all connections terminated.  I also went into my sites and had all existing cookies invalidated, so someone who had a login to my web sites would be forced off.  (If you're a wordpress user, look at the file wp-config.php and the section about changing the salts).

After that, I went through another round of changing passwords from the database on down.  I'm a Mac person, and the program 1password is invaluable in generating and maintaining a set of secure passwords.

I finally finished up very late last night, and today it appears that it is holding.

But there's one more thing ...

This morning, the hosting provider, Dreamhost, provided me a list of potentially hacked files in my account.  There were a whole bunch of other infected files I had missed, but whose infection patterns looked different. The first set -- the set I had seen and cleaned -- started with a PHP eval statement, but the second set used a bunch of hex escapes (see the first illustration in this entry).  My searches using grep didn't look for them, and the fixit script didn't see them either.  So I just deleted them all.  They were not infected files, they were the starter files to initiate an infection.  (They were all named either r.php, rr.php, or footlib.php -- the last of which was a small boot strap program that allowed someone to peruse the files in my account via the web.  It appeared to be the source of the initial infection).

I'm going to stay on top of my web sites for a while until I'm comfortable the threat has passed.  I'm not sure how the infection got in, so I'm not sure what to look out for.  Dreamhost had been hacked into itself in January, and I'm thinking that an infection script was put into one of my web sites where it laid dormant until last night.

All this is no fun.  If I wasn't familiar with Linux shell commands and PHP, I wouldn't know what to do. I guess host my blogs at Tumblr?  On the plus side, I've learned a lot about how wordpress works.  And did I mention how much I dislike PHP?

Molly Wood goes all Apple ...

I heard this in a pod cast, and I thought it was interesting.  Molly Wood of CNet has burned through several Android phones and found them each to fail her in one way or another.  So now she's gone to an iPhone 4S, adding it to her MacBook Air, iPad, and iPod.

Why I love the new (beta) messages program from Apple

If you're an all apple family like we are, the introduction of the iMessages protocol was great.  That protocol allows text messages get sent over the internet instead of SMS.

The new Messages program fills an important gap -- the ability to send and receive messages on a laptop/desktop computer.  For most people, this is a nice to have, but for me, this is fantastic.  Because I'm on planes a lot, there's a lot of time where my phone is not connected to anything.  But since all planes (at least all Delta planes) offer WiFi, I am on my MacBook or iPad constantly during a flight.  And if I want to text with my wife while I'm up in the air, now I can.

OK, maybe some of you won't think this is a great advancement, but for me, it's a real plus!

The dubious logic of Apple's iBooks textbooks

I keep looking at Apple's announcements about ePub textbooks, and I just can't figure out how it works.

Sure technically, I can, but from a business perspective, it's really hard to see how this will take off.

Let's see if I have the story right so far:

• Apple is announcing a new iBook 2 application that has more multi-media and embedded logic capabilities, so textbooks can come alive for the readers.
  
  Bringing a more app-like experience to books is a great thing.
  
  
• Apple has released a free authoring program to support creation of this material.
  
  Good authoring tools are important.  When I see that the publishing format is HTML5, I think that there's a big dearth of good HTML5 authoring tools.  So anything that adds to the mix is great.
  
  
• Apple is insists that the books are priced $15 or less.  To support this, electronic textbooks, unlike physical ones, will be owned by the student and cannot be given away, transfered, or re-used.
  
  The idea is something like noting that a paper textbook has lifespan of a few years, but costs $75, so a $15 eBook that has to be re-bought every year is the same as a 5 year life-span on your paper text book.  Except that the eBook is always up to date, whereas your 4 year-old textbook may be out of date.  That seems like a better book at the same price.
  
  
• Apple insists that books be sold only through their store.
  
  They built the tools, they should benefit from them.  No problem there.

On the surface, then this all seems great.  Better books at the same cost, and we save a forest or two in the process. 

But under the surface, there are some real problems with this.

First, it's definitely an "I'm from the vendor and you can save money by buying my newest kit" kind of proposal.  True, the iPad is a wonderful device. But the lifespan of an iPad is probably the same as a textbook or less, especially in the hands of the K-12 market.  That $500 is the cost of 5 to 7 textbooks (given the $75 price point McGraw-Hill used as a comparison).  So is this still going to be the same cost as paper books?

Let's do some math.

Imagine that there are 5 textbooks needed for any given grade. ( I'm kind of far removed from K-12, so forgive me if they need only 2 or 10.) That's $375 of textbooks, but they last on average 5 years, so that's $75 a year per student for paper textbook purchases.  That's one side of the equation: $75/PSPY (per student per year).

On the other side, the iPad costs $500.  I would expect the average life to be about 4 years at best (either because the device gets destroyed, the battery dies, or it no longer runs the latest iOS and becomes useless), and you can figure on a $100 repair midstream (new battery, cracked glass, etc.), so that's $150 per student per year for iPads.  And, you still have to buy 5 text books at $15 each, so you're back to $75 per student per year for content.  Grand total is now $225 per student per year, or a 200% price increase to go eTextbooks.   That's the other side: $225 PSPY 

Since $75 does not equal, $225, where is that extra $150 going to come from?

It's easy to predict what will happen.  Either (a) A school will get a grant to buy a bunch of iPads and then not have money to repair or replace them over time and they will be abandoned, or (b) the costs of this will be dumped on the parents -- you can choose the eBook track of instruction if you keep your child equipped with an iPad, or you can choose the paper book track if you do not.  That's just going to further divide the haves from the haves not.  Buy your kid an iPad, they can go to the iPad classes.

The situation would be a lot easier with Kindle Fires or Nooks, since these devices are substantially cheaper.  But Apple doesn't sell cheap kit.  Perhaps, in the upcoming iPad 3 announcement, they announce that they're going to keep selling the iPad 2 but at a reduced price, say $300.  You still end up with an extra $100 PSPY in costs that have to be eaten by somebody. (Note that the iPod touch is $200, so if they try to move the iPad 2 below $300 they have to start squishing the iPod prices too).

Next, let's talk about content.  

Other than a few showcase efforts, how committed are textbook manufacturers going to be in creating spiffy interactive content for their textbooks when they still have to create dead-tree versions of the same books?  It would be nice to think the market will drive them towards richer content, but the decisions in textbooks are political, and I have to think publishers will turn their eBooks into shovelware.

Put another way, textbook publishers can already publish their textbooks as iPad apps in the app store.  Where are they with that?  Nowhere.  So a slightly better editing program and a PR campaign is going to change that?

I hate to think that I'm the guy saying that iTunes music sales aren't going to do anything at the dawn of the iPod.  But there are a lot of differences here.  First, the record industry already had its content in digital format (from CDs), so the conversion to iTunes format was completely automated.  Second, there is no real difference in the experience delivered by the downloadable music.  It's not like they all had to gain video or games or dorian mode explorer software. It was the same product as before.  No one was disappointed to discover the downloads had roughly the same quality and features as the previous format.

Finally, there's a philosophical issue.  

The approach as I understand it is fundamentally at odds with the new cloud-based world.  If you use dropbox or similar -- or even iCloud -- you're used to the idea that wherever you are, so is your data.  I read Amazon Kindle books.  The same book is on my iPad, my laptop -- heck, even my phone.  And as I make progress through it on one device, the rest are in sync.  If I am at my desk, I would much rather read a book on my 23 inch monitor than on my iPad.  This is how cloud works.  Apple knows this: see the commercials for iCloud? Change my presentation in one place, and it's updated the other.  Take pictures here, see them there.  But this is not how the new text books work -- you have to read it on the iPad only.  And it's locked to that iPad.

It's this last issue that makes this a real head-scratcher.  It's like the last 5 years or so of technology advances hasn't happened.

If the goal of Apple is to start to introduce electronic textbooks into the marketplace and see if they can make for better education, that's great:  it's a noble experiment.  But if the expectation is that this is going to have a radical impact soon, I think that is not realistic.  Look how long and hard Bill Gates has tried to make education better.  And that's with him throwing tons of his money at the problem. As much as I respect Steve Jobs, this is not a an area that lends itself to easy solutions.  If it did, our schools would be the best in the world.

A year from now, I expect this will all be moved to the back burner as Apple tries to figure out what went wrong.  Or they will realize the real market for this is college, where you can insist on students having an iPad -- and they find success there.  We'll see...

It was an extremely hefty bill for a drink from Apple. What I did about it.

Over the holidays, a bunch of us were gathered around the table, laptops open, enjoying the holidays when a drink spilt into my keyboard.  I cannot tell a lie, it was my fault.

After doing the customary recovery attempts -- turn computer off, flip upside down, let drain and dry over night, I discovered my computer still worked fine, but had developed a few keyboard quirks.  A few keys didn't type at all, others would generate two key presses, and some keys just kind of auto repeated endlessly. To see if the damage was limited to the keyboard,  I plugged an external keyboard into it and it worked fine.  The computer still ran, my iPhone still synced to iTunes.  It all ran just fine.

With a resigned heart, I knew the keyboard needed to be replaced.  Were this a desktop, it would be simple -- unplug old keyboard, plug new keyboard in. Kick yourself for being clumsy, but it's something you can fix yourself. But with a laptop, it is not so simple, and so I knew my best course of action was to take it to the Genius Bar in Altamonte Springs, FL.

I visited the Apple store a few days later, and awaited my appointment with a "Genius".  I explained the situation, and his first comment was "this is going to be expensive."  I knew a new keyboard was going to be expensive, and I was prepared for that.  I had priced them online, and the going price was around $250.  But I had just missed some important foreshadowing.  As we went over the situation, he commented about if the logic board was damaged it, alone, was going to be $800.  Of course, I knew the logic board was working fine, so I ignored the comment.  I had tested the computer with an external keyboard and it all worked.

He took the laptop in the back and was gone so long I assumed he had gone on break in the interim.  My level of anxiety was growing.  I went over his comment in my mind -- why did he assume, without any knowledge, that the logic board needed to be replaced? Is this a problem with the design of the Airs -- anything spilt on the keyboard goes right to the logic board? That would be bad if it were true.

When he finally returned, he told me he had bad news: both the keyboard and yes the logic board needed to be replaced.

I stared at him.

"You're kidding me," I told him, "the logic board is working fine.  It's just the keyboard that's not working."

He assured me that the logic board was covered in goo and it was only a matter of time before it was dead.

I challenged him: but it's obviously working now!  His response was that the goo on the logic board could, in time, do further damage (something about acids) and that keyboard problems pointed to logic board damage.  I did not believe him.

I asked him, point blank, if, even understanding what he said, I still wished for them only to replace the keyboard: would they do that?

No.  Logic board replacement or nothing.

At that point, a scenario flashed in my mind.  It's a car repair scenario, where the shady auto mechanic tells you that you need to fix things in your car that are not broken just so they can charge you a higher bill. In my mind, Apple had just become the shady auto mechanic, asking to replace a pricey part that gave no signs of being broken.  And to be clear, they had offered no proof that it was broken.  Just the word of some anonymous tech in the back; the computer had be returned to me completely closed back up.  I was at a disadvantage, because I could not inspect the logic board myself.

I took stock of the situation.  The computer was working fine, save for the keyboard.  They were offering me a my-way-or-the-highway expensive repair that they asked me to accept, on faith, contrary to the facts that were evident to me, was absolutely needed.

I came to one opinion:  I was being duped by Apple.

I was mad.  I declined to pay for what I felt was surely an unnecessary expensive repair and left.

Of course, that left me with a "Now what, smarty pants?" kind of problem.

I've seen the videos on the making of a MacBook Air on Apple's web site -- precision manufacturing, miniature assembly, etc.  Apple may be, in my mind, the analog of the shady mechanic overselling repairs, but that makes the MacBook Air the analog of high end cars, which are much more complicated than their predecessors and competition.

I went home and did some more research.  Apple sure doesn't encourage a DIY spirit of repair.  In fact, they invented their very own kind of screwdriver, the "Pentalobe", just so you cannot open your own computer! My first step was ordering a custom "Apple Tool" just so I could take the back off the thing.

I formulated a plan.  First, I would just look inside to assess the damage.  Was the logic board really covered in goo as the "Genius" implied?  Could it be cleaned?  Maybe I could prevent the further damage the "Genius" worried about. Could the keyboard be cleaned? In days of old, flushing a keyboard with water or alcohol could clear up mis-functioning keys. Worst case, I would replace the keyboard.  And if it really was as bad as they said, I would have to either suck it up and have them replace the parts (or replace them myself), or just treat the beast as a desktop computer (since the external keyboard worked fine) for as long as it cared to go on living.

It took a while to get the right screwdriver (heh, Apple has two different Pentalobe kind of screws, and I got the driver for the wrong one first). After the right tools arrived, I followed the instructions on the iFixit.com website to disassemble my MacBook Air.  I must confess some trepidation.  This was not a toaster I was taking apart, this was a $1500+ computer.  And if I broke something else, there would be no one to back me up.  Apple had already told me there was nothing they could do for me, as I had chosen the "highway". I was totally on my own with this.  On the other hand, if the Apple repair truly was $1000, I might as well upgrade the computer, so I figured my risk wasn't the entire $1500.

Disassembly went smoothly -- mostly --  and I saw that the computer design was sufficiently modular that it wasn't as hard as I worried.  Just very time consuming.  A few steps required some puzzling out to do, and there was some fearful moments along the way.

I saw two things when the computer was apart.  First, there was some goo under the fan.

But, also very clearly, the logic board was clean.  The fan is attached to the logic board, but is completely separate and easy to remove on its own.  The goo was not on the logic board.  Close, but not there.  There was a bit of goo under, but not touching the logic board on the keyboard:

The logic board mounts on stand-offs and is not in physical contact with the black plastic you see (the fan is in physical contact with that plastic, which is why some goo got on the fan itself.

Let me be really clear about this:  I will be charitable, and say that the tech was confused about what had been affected by the spill and/or was extremely overly cautious.  There is room for opinion in everything.  But it is my strong opinion that they overestimated the extent of damage, and that overestimation was in the direction of greater profit for Apple.  They were wrong in their recommendation.  You can ask, who am I to suggest my opinion is better formed than Apple's? Read on, and you decide.

I cleaned the goo off the fan with some rubbing alcohol, and set it aside.  Since the problem was with the keyboard, I thought that, perhaps, the problems were caused by some lingering dirt or goo in the keyboard itself.  I removed all the keycaps, and bathed the keyboard in alcohol and contact cleaner, and reassembled the computer.

Unfortunately, the behavior was the same.  It ran fine, but the same keys that either didn't work, generated multiple keystrokes, or auto repeated still did.  On the plus side, I had done no damage to the computer.  But on the minus side, well, no progress had been made.  So much for the cheap, labor-only repair.

I ordered a new "top case" (the keyboard and the aluminum top to the computer are an integral unit) from the web.  It took a few days to arrive, and then I once again tore my computer apart.  As it turns out, all the parts of the Air mount into the top case, so it's not quite like you're just swapping out a part.  You are basically taking your computer completely apart, and then assembling all those parts into your new top case.

As before, I was worried about some new damage in the process.  The connectors and sockets in the computer are fragile and not built for repetitive removal and insertion. I didn't want to push them to the breaking point.  I did my best to be careful.

When I was done, I pressed the power button.  It booted just fine.  I gave the keyboard a quick test, and it all appeared to be working.  All the problems were fixed.

And so here I am.  The MacBook Air works perfectly, and I am typing this blog post on it.  Just in case I've missed a letter: The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.  Perfect.

Total cost? About $225 for the top case.  Or, about $800+ less than I would have paid Apple to replace the logic board and the top case.

There are few real lessons I've learned from this.

First, the "Genius Bar" is neither.  You should treat their recommendations for repairs the same way as you would as the guy who repairs your car or fixes your plumbing.  Most of the time, they're going to be right.  But if it seems like they are asking to do a lot more work than you expected, it's time for a second opinion.

Second, Apple isn't perfect, and that hubris we saw in Steve Jobs extends down to the lowest levels.  It's not pretty, and I hope that Tim Cook manages to bring some humility to Apple.  They definitely need to get rid of the arrogance about repairs.  I've been around computers longer than these kids have been alive, and I know one thing: you can never be certain of being right until the computer works.

Third, I'm going to be more active and less passive the next time I have a repair issue.  I should have pushed back hard.  I should have demanded to talk to a manager.  I didn't feel like I was on solid ground because I did not (and, at that point, could not have) see the extent of the damage myself.  Now, if I hear something that seems wrong, I will demand proof.

Fourth, the Genius Bar is just a "swap shop".  They replace parts, they do not repair them.  Something that could be a $20 repair but is a $200 swap is going to cost you $200 because they don't do real repairs.  Maybe I could have sent it off to Apple somewhere or somebody else and gotten a better repair, but I wasn't willing to trust Apple at that point.

Apple still is, in my mind, the best PC on the market, and I still recommend them to anyone.  But Apple's not perfect, and we need to keep that in mind. I will be caveating my recommendations to everyone from now on with those observations.

Finally, I recommend people keep all drinks at least foot away from their computer...

What will T-Mobile Do?

So AT&T is going to give up on T-Mobile.  Most commentators seem to describe this as a bad outcome for T-Mobile.  What does the poor 4th place wireless vendor do?

The most important thing is to realize that T-Mobile is not going to grow its business into being the #2 or #1 network.  And if T-Mobile competes head on, it's going to fail: it can't offer the same products and services just with a worse network.

Instead, T-Mobile needs to skate to where the puck will be.  And where the puck will be is data.  All data, all the time.  GSM voice is a 90s technology.  People like Republic Wireless are leading the move away from segregated voice vs. data.  But Republic Wireless' weakness is that it doesn't own a 3G or 4G network or have WiFi hotspots.

T-Mobile, you're already big in the wireless hotspot game.  Keep it up.  Get in as many locations as possible.  Buy Republic Wireless with that $3 billion in go-away money and make their devices work seamlessly at your hotspots.  Figure out where a core clientele spends its time, provide WiFi there, bridge the gaps with 3G, and you have a truly unique offering.  People like unique.  People like avant-garde.

Pick up Twilio and a few other internet telephony start ups too -- and focus on making T-Mobile the platform of choice for inventors and entrepreneurs.  Soon, all sorts of cool apps will land on T-Mobile, and people will want to use your service for all the things it does.

So much better than being the #4 carrier losing at playing catch up.